Meeting the energy challenge: a white paper on nuclear power - footnotes

Energy Challenge - A White Paper on Nuclear Power cover

The Structure of this White Paper

  1. The Future of Nuclear Power, Analysis of consultation responses, URN 08/534, January 2008, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/nuclear-whitepaper/page42765.html

  2. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  3. For more details of all our energy policies see the Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  4. www.direct.gov.uk/nuclearpower2007

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Overview

  1. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  2. No web link provided.

  3. The Future of Nuclear Power, Analysis of consultation responses, URN 08/534, January 2008, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/nuclear-whitepaper/page42765.html

  4. Energy Review, The Energy Challenge, July 2006, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file31890.pdf

  5. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  6. No web link provided.

  7. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  8. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/legislation/index.htm

  9. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  10. Spring European Council conclusions, 8/9 March 2007, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/93135.pdf

  11. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  12. Spring European Council conclusions, 8/9 March 2007, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/93135.pdf

  13. No web link provided.

  14. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  15. The May 2007 consultation document (see link above) stated that nuclear power accounted for around 18% of electricity, based on the latest energy statistics available at that time. The most recent published data now available, in the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/statistics/publications/dukes/page39771.html, shows that in 2006 nuclear power accounted for 19% of the electricity generated in the UK.

  16. No web link provided.

  17. See the simplified flow diagram of UK energy supply and consumption 2006 showing the role of nuclear, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file43008.pdf

  18. Sustainable Development Commission, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon Economy, Paper 2: Reducing CO2 emissions – Nuclear and the Alternatives, March 2006, http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/Nuclear-paper2-reducingCO2emissions.pdf

  19. No web link provided.

  20. For more details of all our energy policies see the Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  21. The Future of Nuclear Power, Analysis of consultation responses, URN 08/534, January 2008, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/nuclear-whitepaper/page42765.html

  22. No web link provided.

  23. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  24. See The Future of Nuclear Power, Analysis of consultation responses, URN 08/534, January 2008, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/nuclear-whitepaper/page42765.html,
    for more details

  25. The Stern Review, The Economics of Climate Change, October 2006, http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm

  26. No web link provided.

  27. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  28. Life-cycle Assessment, Vattenfall’s Electricity in Sweden, January 2005 (pdf) ; OECD/ IAEA, Uranium 2005: Resources, Production and Demand, June 2006; and British Energy, Technical Report, Environmental Product Declaration of Electricity from Torness Nuclear Power Station, May 2005 (pdf)

  29. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  30. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007 (pdf)

  31. Annex A is a continuation of the analysis set out in Chapter 5 of our consultation document - The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007 (pdf)

  32. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  33. No web link provided.

  34. Managing Radioactive Waste Safely, A Framework for Implementing Geological Disposal, 25 June 2007, http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/consultation.pdf

  35. Managing Radioactive Waste Safely, A Framework for Implementing Geological Disposal, 25 June 2007, http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/consultation.pdf

  36. Response to the Report and Recommendations from the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM), http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/radioactivity/waste/pdf/corwm-govresponse.pdf 

  37. Summary and Analysis of Responses to the Consultation on Managing Radioactive Waste Safely; A Strategy for Implementing Geological Disposal, January 2008, http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/index.htm

  38. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  39. Policy for the Long Term Management of Solid Low Level Radioactive Waste in the United Kingdom, 26 March 2007, http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/radioactivity/waste/pdf/llw-policystatement070326.pdf

  40. Uranium and Plutomium, Macro-Economic Study, June 2007, http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/upload/Uranium-and-Plutonium-Macro-Economic-Study-June-2007.pdf

  41. No web link provided.

  42. R.E.H. Sims, et al, 2007: Energy supply. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, http://www.mnp.nl/ipcc/pages_media/FAR4docs/final%20pdfs%20of%20chapters%20WGIII/IPCC%20WGIII_chapter%204_final.pdf

  43. No web link provided.

  44. No web link provided.

  45. No web link provided.

  46. No web link provided.

  47. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

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Section 1 - The Consultation Process

  1. Energy White Paper, Our Energy Future – creating a low carbon economy, February 2003 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file10719.pdf

  2. The Future of Nuclear Power, Analysis of consultation responses, URN 08/534, January 2008 http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/nuclear-whitepaper/page42765.html

  3. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  4. No web link provided.

  5. Energy White Paper, Our Energy Future – creating a low carbon economy, February 2003 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file10719.pdf

  6. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  7. On the inside cover of The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  8. No web link provided.

  9. No web link provided.

  10. Energy White Paper, Our Energy Future – creating a low carbon economy, February 2003 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file10719.pdf

  11. Most of the responses submitted to the consultation can be found on line at www.direct.gov.uk/nuclearpower2007, except where those submitting information have asked for it not to be made publicly available. This website also includes reports on regional stakeholder meetings and the deliberative events held during the consultation

  12. No web link provided.

  13. The Future of Nuclear Power, Analysis of consultation responses, URN 08/534, January 2008 http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/nuclear-whitepaper/page42765.html

  14. Managing Radioactive Waste Safely, A Framework for Implementing Geological Disposal, 25 June 2007 http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/consultation.pdf

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Section 2 - Nuclear Power: An Assessment of the Evidence and Arguments put forward in the Consultation

  1. The Future of Nuclear Power, Analysis of consultation responses, URN 08/534, January 2008 http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/nuclear-whitepaper/page42765.html

  2. www.direct.gov.uk/nuclearpower2007

  3. No web link provided.

  4. The Stern Review, The Economics of Climate Change, October 2006 http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm

  5. Sustainable Development Commission, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon Economy, Paper 2: Reducing CO2 emissions – Nuclear and the Alternatives, March 2006 http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/Nuclear-paper2-reducingCO2emissions.pdf

  6. No web link provided.

  7. The Stern Review, The Economics of Climate Change, October 2006 http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm

  8. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  9. No web link provided.

  10. Nuclear Energy & the Kyoto Protocol (2002) OECD Nuclear Energy Agency; Assessing the difference: Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electricity Generation Chains (2000) IAEA Bulletin http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull422/article4.pdf

  11. No web link provided.

  12. Life-cycle Assessment, Vattenfall’s Electricity in Sweden, January 2005 http://www.vattenfall.com/www/vf_com/vf_com/Gemeinsame_Inhalte/DOCUMENT/360168vatt/386246envi/2005-LifeCycleAssessment.pdf

  13. British Energy, Technical Report, Environmental Product Declaration of Electricity from Torness Nuclear Power Station, May 2005 http://www.british-energy.com/documents/EPD_Doc_-_Final.pdf

  14. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation, October 2006 http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/postpn268.pdf

  15. J.W.S van Leeuwen and P.Smith, Nuclear Power: The Energy Balance, August 2005, www.stormsmith.nl/ - a more recent summary of their case is provided in the report Secure Energy? Civil Nuclear Power, Security and Global Warming, Oxford Research Group, March 2007 http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/briefing_papers/pdf/secureenergy.pdf

  16. Life-cycle Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nuclear Energy in Australia, ISA, University of Sydney, November 2006 http://www.isa.org.usyd.edu.au/publications/documents/ISA_Nuclear_Report.pdf

  17. See footnote 10 above

  18. Comparison of Energy Systems using Life Cycle Assessment, World Energy Council Special Report, July 2004 http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/lca2.pdf

  19. R.E.H. Sims, et al, 2007: Energy supply. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz et al], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA http://www.mnp.nl/ipcc/pages_media/AR4-chapters.html

  20. For example, see section 3.14 of Life-cycle Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nuclear Energy in Australia, ISA, University of Sydney, November 2006 http://www.isa.org.usyd.edu.au/publications/documents/ISA_Nuclear_Report.pdf

  21. See footnote 84 above

  22. The May 2007 consultation document (The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf) stated that nuclear power accounted for around 18% of electricity, based on the latest energy statistics available at that time. The most recent published data now available, in the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2007, shows that in 2006 nuclear power accounted for 19% of the electricity generated in the UK.
    http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/statistics/publications/dukes/page39771.html

  23. No web link provided.

  24. The Sustainable Development Commission identified a 5-12.6% saving in annual carbon emissions from nuclear power, depending on whether gas or coal power stations were used instead of nuclear (Sustainable Development Commission, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon Economy, Paper 2: Reducing CO2 emissions – Nuclear and the Alternatives, March 2006 http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/Nuclear-paper2-reducingCO2emissions.pdf)

  25. For example, see report from the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU), Sussex University http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenergygroup/documents/security_brief_webonly.pdf

  26. The Energy White Paper, Updated Energy and Carbon Emissions Projections, URN 07/947, May 2007 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39580.pdf

  27. DTI, Impact of banding the Renewables Obligation – Costs of Electrcity production, URN 07/948, April 2007 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39038.pdf

  28. See Annex B of The Energy Review, The Energy Challenge, July 2006 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file32014.pdf

  29. No web link provided.

  30. No web link provided.

  31. See GNN, John Hutton calls for open minds on the future of the Severn Barrage, 25 September 2007 http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=317256&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=True

  32. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2007 http://www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId=6848&contentId=7033471

  33. No web link provided.

  34. This is based on the assumption, as outlined in the Nuclear Power Generation Cost Benefit Analysis http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39525.pdf, that the alternative generation that would be built instead of new nuclear power would be gas-fired power stations.

  35. According to latest projections (http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39580.pdf) gas power stations could provide around 53% of electricity in 2020.

  36. For example, see Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) report http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenergygroup/documents/security_brief_webonly.pdf

  37. Nuclear industry revival hits roadblocks, NewScientist.com, 1 July 2007 http://technology.newscientist.com/channel/tech/dn12167-nuclear-industry-revival-hits-roadblocks.html

  38. Energy Review, The Energy Challenge, July 2006 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file31890.pdf

  39. No web link provided.

  40. For example IEA/NEA, Projected Costs of Generating Electricity, 2005 Update http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2005/ElecCost.pdf; PB Power, Powering the Nation; A review of the costs of generating electricity, June 2006

  41. HM Treasury, The Green Book – Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk./media/5/D/Green_Book_07.pdf

  42. The Government’s estimates from the cost benefit analysis and the corresponding private sector estimates are set out on pages 66 – 70 and in Figure 4.2 on page 67 of the nuclear consultation document The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  43. No web link provided.

  44. The issue of grid connection was raised by Greenpeace in their report The New Rush for Nuclear: An Expensive White Elephant, November 2007 http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/tags/nuclear-power-stations

  45. This implements the special international regime set out in the Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 29 July 1960 and the Brussels Supplementary Convention of 31 January 1963, regulating liability for personal injury and third party liability property damage caused by incidents involving nuclear matter in the course of carriage to or from, or on a licensed site. For further details refer to http://www.nea.fr/html/law/nlparis_conv.html and http://www.nea.fr/html/law/nlbrussels.html

  46. See paragraphs 4.12-4.15 and 4.32 of The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf. Articles 48 and 53 of the Euratom Basic Safety Directive, have now been implemented in the UK.

  47. Table 4.4, page 73, The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  48. Table 9, page 26, Nuclear Power Generation Cost Benefit Analysis http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39525.pdf

  49. DEFRA, How to use the Shadow Price of Carbon in policy appraisal http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/research/carboncost/pdf/HowtouseSPC.pdf

  50. No web link provided.

  51. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  52. The Rebound Effect: an assessment of the evidence for economy-wide energy savings from improved energy efficiency, UKERC, October 2007 http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/MediaCentre/UKERCPressReleases/Releases2007/0710ReboundEffects.aspx

  53. No web link provided.

  54. No web link provided.

  55. http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/sources/renewables/policy/renewables-obligation/page15630.html

  56. No web link provided.

  57. Further details can be found in Renewable Energy: Reform of the Renewables Obligation, URN 07/636, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39497.pdf, published with the Energy White Paper

  58. No web link provided.

  59. See http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/sources/sustainable/carbon-abatement-tech/ccs-demo/page40961.html

  60. See http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/consultations/distributed-generation/page39557.html

  61. No web link provided.

  62. No web link provided.

  63. Professor B. A. Bridges, Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARE), 10th Report , The incidence of childhood cancer around nuclear installations in Great Britain http://www.comare.org.uk/documents/COMARE10thReport.pdf and Professor A. Elliott, Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARE), 11th Report, The distribution of childhood leukaemia and other childhood cancers in Great Britain 1969 – 1993 http://www.comare.org.uk/press_releases/documents/COMARE11thReport.pdf

  64. No web link provided.

  65. No web link provided.

  66. http://www.ski.se/dynamaster/file_archive/060914/dca864e98cb5363d39cc03ac0b29f1ee/SKI%20ver%20%20Executive%20summary%20SKI%20review%20of%20F1%20startup%20reques..pdf

  67. No web link provided.

  68. Integrated Regulatory Review Service (IRRS), IAEA, April 2006 http://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/regulatoryreview/

  69. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf, p 110, paragraph 6.44 – 6.47

  70. The State of Security in the Civil Nuclear Industry and the Effectiveness of Security Regulation, April 2006 to March 2007, OCNS http://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/ocns/ocns0607.pdf

  71. Review of the Nuclear Industries Security Regulations (NISR) 2003, led by the Department of Trade of Industry and which closed on 1 December 2006 http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/sources/nuclear/safety-security/security/nisr-review/page34477.html

  72. http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc263.pdf

  73. Further information on nuclear material unaccounted for can be found at http://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/safeguards/materials.htm

  74. Sustainable Development Commission, Nuclear Paper 6, Safety and Security, March 2006 http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/nuclear.html

  75. Professor A. Elliott, Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARE), 11th Report, The distribution of childhood leukaemia and other childhood cancers in Great Britain 1969-1993 http://www.comare.org.uk/press_releases/documents/COMARE11thReport.pdf

  76. No web link provided.

  77. http://www.bfs.de/en/bfs

  78. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  79. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, Table 6.2, p 114 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  80. No web link provided.

  81. IAEA Safety Standards for protecting people and the environment, Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, 2005 edition http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1225_web.pdf

  82. http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/transport/projects_en.htm

  83. No web link provided.

  84. No web link provided.

  85. Partitioning and transmutation is a proposed method to separate out individual radionuclides in long-lived radioactive wastes (with half-lives of thousands of years) and to convert them into short-life wastes (with half-lives of tens or hundreds of years). The technique is primarily an area for research and has not been proven to be viable on an industrial scale (see CoRWM Report, Partitioning and Transmutation, August 2004, http://www.corwm.org.uk/PDF/631%20-%20PT1.pdf)

  86. No web link provided.

  87. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  88. The concept of voluntarism, and how it might relate to a volunteer community, was addressed in the Managing Radioactive Waste Safely consultation (Managing Radioactive Waste Safely, A Framework for Implementing Geological Disposal, 25 June 2007 http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/consultation.pdf) which ran between 25 June and 2 November 2007

  89. No web link provided.

  90. Managing our Radioactive Waste Safely (CoRWM Document 700), CoRWM’s Recommendations to Government, July 2006 http://www.corwm.org.uk/content-1092

  91. Response to the Report and Recommendations from the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/radioactivity/waste/pdf/corwm-govresponse.pdf

  92. Managing our Radioactive Waste Safely (CoRWM Document 700), CoRWM’s Recommendations to Government, July 2006 http://www.corwm.org.uk/content-1092. Full text of recommendation is “Within the present state of knowledge geological disposal is the best available approach for the long-term management of all the material categorised as waste in the CoRWM inventory when compared with the risks associated with other methods of management. The aim should be to progress to disposal as soon as practicable, consistent with developing and maintaining public and stakeholder confidence.”

  93. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  94. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  95. Managing Radioactive Waste Safely, A Framework for Implementing Geological Disposal, 25 June 2007 http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/consultation.pdf

  96. Managing our Radioactive Waste Safely (CoRWM Document 700), CoRWM’s Recommendations to Government, July 2006 http://www.corwm.org.uk/content-1092

  97. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  98. No web link provided.

  99. No web link provided.

  100. Re-iteration of CoRWM’s Position on Nuclear New Build (CoRWM document 2162.2), September 2007

  101. Further detail is set out in the MRWS Consultation: Managing Radioactive Waste Safely, A Framework for Implementing Geological Disposal, 25 June 2007 http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/consultation.pdf

  102. Managing our Radioactive Waste Safely (CoRWM Document 700), CoRWM’s Recommendations to Government, July 2006 http://www.corwm.org.uk/content-1092

  103. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  104. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  105. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  106. http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/index.htm

  107. Response to the Report and Recommendations from the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/radioactivity/waste/pdf/corwm-govresponse.pdf

  108. http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/index.htm

  109. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  110. Further detail is set out in the MRWS Consultation: Managing Radioactive Waste Safely, A Framework for Implementing Geological Disposal, 25 June 2007 http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/consultation.pdf

  111. Managing our Radioactive Waste Safely (CoRWM Document 700), CoRWM’s Recommendations to Government, July 2006 http://www.corwm.org.uk/content-1092

  112. Managing Radioactive Waste Safely, A Framework for Implementing Geological Disposal, 25 June 2007 http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/radwaste-framework/consultation.pdf

  113. Managing our Radioactive Waste Safely (CoRWM Document 700), CoRWM’s Recommendations to Government, July 2006 http://www.corwm.org.uk/content-1092

  114. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  115. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/radioactivity/waste

  116. Chapter 5, The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  117. No web link provided.

  118. British Wind Energy Association, http://www.bwea.com/ref/faq.html

  119. No web link provided.

  120. Low-grade ore is defined by some authors as ore containing a maximum of 0.01% U3O8, for example, M. Diesendorf & P. Christoff, CO2 Emissions from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, November 2006 http://www.energyscience.org.au/FS02%20CO2%20Emissions.pdf

  121. High-grade ore is defined by some authors as ore containing a minimum of 0.1% U3O8, for example,M. Diesendorf & P. Christoff, CO2 Emissions from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, November 2006 http://www.energyscience.org.au/FS02%20CO2%20Emissions.pdf

  122. Euratom Supply Agency, Annual Report 2006 http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf

  123. R.E.H. Sims, et al 2007: Energy supply. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA http://www.mnp.nl/ipcc/pages_media/FAR4docs/final%20pdfs%20of%20chapters%20WGIII/IPCC%20WGIII_chapter%204_final.pdf

  124. Euratom Supply Agency, Annual Report 2006 http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf

  125. Thorium Fuel for Nuclear Energy – Now You’re Cooking with Thorium, American Scientist, Volume 91, No. 5, p 408, October 2003 http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/25710/page/2

  126. World Nuclear Association, Thorium, September 2007 http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf62.html

  127. British Geological Survey Mineral Profile, Uranium, March 2007 http://www.mineralsuk.com/britmin/mineral_profile_uranium_mar_07.pdf

  128. NDA’s response to The Future of Nuclear Power consultation, 5 October 2007 http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&pageid=14908

  129. No web link provided.

  130. The Royal Society, Strategy options for the UK’s separated plutonium, 21 September 2007 http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/document.asp?tip=0&id=7080

  131. Equinox Minerals Limited, Lumwana Uranium Feasibility Study at Malundwe Delivers High Grade Uranium Intercepts, Press release, 24 July 2007

  132. Mawson Resources Ltd., Mawson Identifies High-Grade Uranium at Tresjöarna in Sweden, News release, 23 April 2007 http://www.mawsonresources.com/docs/MAW070423.pdf

  133. The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf

  134. From sources including the IEA (http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/) and the US department of Energy (http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/electricity.html)

  135. See reports by the Nuclear Industry Association at http://www.niauk.org/position-papers.html and IBM Business Consulting Services, An Evaluation of the Capability and Capacity of the UK and Global Supply Chains to Support a New Nuclear Build Programme in the UK, IBM UK Ltd, Basingstoke, 2005

  136. There is extensive information on this subject from Cogent (http://www.cogent-ssc.com), Energy & Utility Skills (http://www.euskills.co.uk/) and the Engineering Construction Industry Training Board (http://www.ecitb.org.uk/)

  137. From recent analysis undertaken by the NDA (http://www.nda.gov.uk/), Cogent (http://www.cogent-ssc.com) and the National Skills Academy for Nuclear (http://www.nuclear.nsacademy.co.uk/)

  138. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39387.pdf

  139. Nuclear and Radiological Skills Study, Report of the Nuclear Skills Group, 5 December 2002 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file23309.pdf

  140. Available on http://www.cogent-ssc.com

  141. http://www.nuclear.nsacademy.co.uk/

  142. The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) is an US initiative for an international partnership to enable the expanded use of nuclear energy by using technology to produce non-proliferation benefits, make more effective use of fuel resources through recycling and reduce waste volumes. Further information can be obtained from http://www.gnep.energy.gov

  143. No web link provided.

  144. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  145. Microgeneration Strategy, Our Energy Challenge: Power from the people, March 2006 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file27575.pdf

  146. Department for Communities and Local Government, Building a Greener Future: policy statement, July 2007 http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/building-greener.pdf

  147. No web link provided.

  148. No web link provided.

  149. The Future of Nuclear Power, Analysis of consultation responses, URN 08/534, January 2008 http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/nuclear-whitepaper/page42765.html

  150. No web link provided.

  151. Planning White Paper, Planning for a Sustainable Future, May 2007 http://www.communities.gov.uk/planningwhitepaper

  152. No web link provided.

  153. No web link provided.

  154. 2The Future of Nuclear Power, Consultations on the proposed processes for Justification and Strategic Siting Assessment, URN 07/972, May 2007 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39199.pdf

  155. GB Security and Quality of Supply Standard, Issue 1, 22 September 2004 http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Codes/gbsqsscode/DocLibrary/

  156. No web link provided.

  157. No web link provided.

  158. www.defra.gov.uk/environment/radioactivity/Government/legislation/justification.htm

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Section 3 – What the Government will do

  1. No web link provided.

  2. No web link provided.

  3. Planning White Paper, Planning for a Sustainable Future, May 2007 http://www.communities.gov.uk/planningwhitepaper

  4. No web link provided.

  5. www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/consultations/nuclearpower2007/page39554.html

  6. The Future of Nuclear Power, Consultations on the proposed processes for Justification and Strategic Siting Assessment, URN 07/972, May 2007 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39199.pdf

  7. No web link provided.

  8. http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/consultations/nuclearpower2007/generic-design/page40336.html

  9. GNN, Four applications suitable for Nuclear pre-licensing, 5 July 2007 http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=297087&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=True

  10. No web link provided.

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Annex A – Alternatives to Nuclear Power

  1. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/legislation/index.htm

  2. No web link provided.

  3. No web link provided.

  4. http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/9/5/pbr_csr07_king840.pdf

  5. The May 2007consultation document (The Future of Nuclear Power, The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, Consultation Document, URN 07/970, May 2007 (pdf)) stated that nuclear power accounted for around 18% of electricity, based on the latest energy statistics available at that time. The most recent published data now available, in the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2007, shows that in 2006 nuclear power accounted for 19% of the electricity generated in the UK.
    http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/statistics/publications/dukes/page39771.html

  6. No web link provided.

  7. See the simplified flow diagram of UK energy supply and consumption 2006 showing the role of nuclear at http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file43008.pdf

  8. No web link provided.

  9. For more details and the report on the work carried out for the Energy White Paper 2007 see http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/TheMeetingPlace/Activities/Activities2007/0706MARKALMacroEWP.aspx

  10. Full details of the assumptions and the methodology used in the Markal model are available on the UK Energy Research Council (UKERC) website http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/ResearchProgrammes/EnergySystemsandModelling/ESMMARKALModelDocs.aspx

  11. The Nuclear Power Generation Cost Benefit Analysis (http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39525.pdf) assumed that the alternative type of generation that would be displaced by new nuclear power would be gas-fired plants.

  12. No web link provided.

  13. See UKERC, Final Report on DTI-Defra Scenarios and Sensitivities using the UK Markal and Markal-Macro Energy System Models, May 2007
    http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/Downloads/PDF/07/0706ESMEWPreport.pdf

  14. MARKAL Macro analysis of long run costs of climate change mitigation targets, November 2007 http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/research/pdf/markal-analysis-cc-targets.pdf

  15. No web link provided.

  16. The UK Energy Research Council estimates that rebound effects in the energy market can be significant when both direct and indirect consequences are taken into account (http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/MediaCentre/UKERCPressReleases/Releases2007/0710ReboundEffects.aspx).

  17. No web link provided.

  18. No web link provided.

  19. No web link provided.

  20. Energy White Paper, Meeting the Energy Challenge, URN 07/1006, May 2007, http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html

  21. Distributed Energy - Initial Proposals for More Flexible Market and Licensing Arrangements http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/ElecDist/Policy/DistGen/Documents1/DE%20con%20doc%20-%20complete%20draft%20v3%20141207.pdf

  22. No web link provided.

  23. We recognise that concerns were raised in the responses to the consultation about safety risks related to accidents or the threat of terrorist attacks. Some argued that these types of risks made nuclear power fundamentally different from other types of energy. The models we used in our analysis did not attempt to monetise all costs and benefits, for example a monetary value associated with potential accidents was not estimated. Evidence suggests that the likelihood of such accidents is negligible, particularly in the UK context. Though accident risk should not be dismissed, the assumption is that this can be managed through design of regulatory and corporate governance arrangements for the nuclear industry. This assumption is similar to the position of the Sustainable Development Commission, see The role of nuclear power in a low carbon economy, SDC position paper, March 2006 http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/SDC-NuclearPosition-2006.pdf. See Nuclear Cost Benefit Analysis (available at: http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39525.pdf) for more details.

  24. No web link provided.

  25. No web link provided.

  26. A study of the potential for tidal power in the UK carried out by the Sustainable Development Commission (www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/tidal.html) suggests that around 90% of the UK's (practical) tidal range resource exists within the Severn Estuary and that a Severn Barrage could provide up to 5% of our electricity demand. Opposition to such a project would therefore limit considerably the potential capacity from tidal resources in the UK.

  27. See Ofgem’s website for details on transmission and distribution networks http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/OfgemHome.aspx

  28. No web link provided.

  29. Final impact assessment for the Climate Change Bill is available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/legislation/pdf/cc-impact-assessment-final.pdf

  30. No web link provided.

  31. For an analysis of the potential costs from intermittency, see a report from UKERC on the estimated costs of integrating intermittent generation into the electricity system – available at: http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/ResearchProgrammes/TechnologyandPolicyAssessment/TPAIntermittencyReport.aspx.

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Annex B - Justification and Strategic Siting Assessment processes

  1. The Future of Nuclear Power, Consultations on the proposed processes for Justification and Strategic Siting Assessment, URN 07/972, May 2007 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39199.pdf

  2. No web link provided.

  3. No web link provided.

  4. www.defra.gov.uk/environment/radioactivity/government/legislation/justification.htm

  5. Appendix A to The Future of Nuclear Power, Consultations on the proposed processes for Justification and Strategic Siting Assessment, URN 07/972, May 2007 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39199.pdf

  6. No web link provided.

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Annex C - Regulatory and Advisory Structure for Nuclear Power

  1. http://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/ocns/ocns0607.pdf

  2. http://www.hse.gov.uk

  3. No web link provided.

  4. TS-R-1 (2005 Edition) http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1225_web.pdf

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